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Resolutions passed by the governing bodies of commercial companies (the General Meeting of Shareholders and the board of directors) must be recorded in minutes, which shall be…
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Unpaid invoices rarely appear out of nowhere. There are almost always warning signs beforehand.
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At the beginning of 2026, the European Commission adopted a decision which may seem purely technical but which actually has very practical implications for many businesses: Brazil…
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Year after year, professional advisory firms and law firms in Spain are sold or merged into larger firms that are concentrating market share and which, moreover, have teams …
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In today’s digital world, our personal data circulates everywhere; through forms, newsletters, social media platforms, online shops… Yet few people realise that, under theGeneral…
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You're a shareholder in a Spanish company. The company has been making profits for years, but the shareholders’ meeting never agrees to distribute dividends. Instead of receiving…
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Receiving a notification from the Spanish Data Protection Agency (AEPD) can understandably cause concern. The Agency is the authority responsible for ensuring compliance with data…
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If you’re planning to start a business in Spain or acquire an existing company, there are some essential points you should be aware of to avoid unpleasant surprises. From share…
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If you’re considering forming a Limited Liability Company (Sociedad Limitada (SL)) in Spain, you’ve probably already heard about the role of partners/shareholders (socios) and the
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On the 1st of September 2025, Spain’s Independent Authority for Whistleblower Protection (in Spanish, the Autoridad Independiente de Protección del Informante, or "A.A.I.") …
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If you’re planning to start a business in Spain, one of the first major decisions will be choosing its legal structure. And this is where a common question arises: should you form…
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Following the reform of the Spanish Companies Act (Ley de Sociedades de Capital) by Law 18/2022, the traditional minimum share capital requirement of €3,000 to set up a Limited…
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Have you ever received four or five calls from unknown numbers in one day? More and more often, people tell me that they just don’t pick up the phone to numbers that they don’t…
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You might already have a privacy policy published on your website and that’s a great start. But if you think that alone means you’re GDPR-compliant… I hate to break it to you, but…
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Imagine that you just founded a company together with other partners and you need to open a bank account in the name of the company. The bank asks you for the deed of…
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I imagine that most of us have at least once saved a number in our phone with the name "Spam" or blocked the number altogether to tackle the onslaught of calls from people trying…
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Does your company use fingerprints or facial recognition of your employees in order to register the moment they begin and end their working day? Or pehaps you have considered…
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In Spain, companies are required to comply with various sustainability and environmental protection regulations which derive from both national and EU legislation. These…
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The controversial 23andMe case offers a valuable lesson on the importance of privacy and data protection regulations, especially in the European Union.
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Have you heard of Royal Decree 933/2021? If your business entails accommodation or car rental, this article is especially for you. On the 2nd of December 2024 this new legislation…
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In recent years, the concept of corporate social responsibility has evolved. Nowadays, many companies are concerned not only with making a profit, but also with having a positive…
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is on everyone's minds. Just this week, Donald Trump ruffled feathers by re-posting pictures which appeared to falsely imply that he had Taylor…
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Debtors Lists (Ficheros de Morosos) arguably play an important role in reducing unpaid debts by providing motivation for debtors to pay and by providing a means for companies to…
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In certain situations it's necessary for a company to hire a Data Protection Officer (DPO) to support them with their fulfillment of their data protection responsibilities. Both…
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ENISA, the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, noted a significant increase in the quantity and variety of cyberattacks and their consequences in the latter part of 2022 and…
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Earlier this year, I was looking for information on a well-known Spanish news website. I clicked to enter the website and I was greeted with a cookie banner that gave me two…
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What is a cooperative? The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) defines a cooperative as "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common…
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What is the company minutes book? In the Spanish business environment, company minutes books (libros de actas) document and record the most important decisions and agreements…
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It might seem like a quote from a science-fiction movie, but sometimes facts are stranger than fiction.
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Shareholders' agreements (‘pactos de socios’/’pactos parasociales’ in Spanish) are an increasingly popular feature of the formation and operation of companies, as they set out the…
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